Chapter 10 Information Technology.

The pros and cons of information technology

Information technology has helped the world with the same level. Without his contribution, there is no doubt that we now do not get this "technical world" or. But even if some people raise a number of statements (which may be unfounded) that the information technology (IT) are taking away the privacy of ordinary people and breaking international reputation of the world wide human knowledge.

So let some positive aspects in this article (OPR) and poorEffects (v) Information Technology in places. According to the definition of a Google service, it is said-

"The branch of engineering that get on the use of computers and telecommunications, and store and transmit information." – Definition of Google.

Therefore, the definition in that it provides, it is clear that this is "the branch of technology that helps us communicate with each other, technology transfer individual knowledge, and our store with your computer and other modernmeans Information Technology. "

Information Technology Pro

1. The world has the flexibility

we do or what to think, plan employees, colleagues and friends are our shared with. Internet technology, this system has a high degree. The idea of ​​the telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) was changed and made like mobile phones, to increase the flexibility in communication and talk to our dear comrades, wheneverDemand!

2. The sense of responsibility has increased

Let 'Barack Obama President of USA, "as the figure. The use of networking sites (Twitter and Facebook), blogs, social bookmarking, the LEADER approach in the world, if necessary, we can send messages and updates that are ( or will be made by us) will be 'within a very short period of time.

3. Just to think, and developments in the transport sector

Of thought and research, weResources need to find out what people thought of our past, which the quotations that have left us (information theory + +). We can use it with a single click in the search engines (especially Google ™, Yahoo) to find. By a clear cut idea, we have the opportunity to help the world with new ideas and technological inventions and to share what we learned during our lives.

And over the centuries has contributed to a widening of the transport strategy that helps us attend to one place to anotherof (roads, highways, air, water and sky!)

4. This allows you to save thousands of lives every day

Then, from the point of entry I hope you understand me relate to the development of the medical field. Every day people relief with the perfect use of medicine, hospital technology, by adding (X-rays, laser treatments) and more in the queue. With the combination of World Health Organization, several life-threatening diseases to overcome and be expelled from the newly establishedCountries rapidly and the plans and ideas.

5. Increase the sense of human rights

Technology can remember those of our human rights, basic needs and updates made ​​available to or around the world where it is necessary to help alleviate. During earthquakes, floods, horrible, that during the cooperation is necessary on the World Wide Web Help us to collect the donation of a set.

They can not understand, it's about good and bad sides of the Information and Technology ManagementWithin a page and how, as he mixes with all aspects and angles of our lives. Rather, we have seen in side effects bad side (cons) that led in the sectors of human society.

Information Technology Cons

He pulled the privacy of individuals

As the IT sector the hearts of people around the world have wined. People are here to share and store any kind of information, the date of the individuals in their private hard drives and onlineDatabases. But because of some computer criminals, is not as safe, both online and offline. If someone has a little "sloppy, he / she has to pay high. (E 'heavy).

The online community is not safe for the family more

Children under the age can often share cell numbers, e-mail contact, which can be manipulated by people and pass it to the criminals who harm a blueprint of the company. And people lose their privacy and credit card payments from otherProcessing options. Again, there are several Web sites created perverse that a child can be worn under the age of eighteen in a different place – that the nation is to bring Harms.

E 'intention to harm a human Natural Power

People should be the best of all creations (in Islam). We can imagine, to collect the human principles (ethical knowledge) and then working relationships with friends and family. But because of the harmful aspects of the (IT) People are always fullbased technology. And it can bring great harm to society by taking away the thoughts and ideas of natural organic.

You can bring effective administration without World Destruction

This is something more that I write, having regard to the various science-fiction. Great scholars have, even if the problem with wisdom. Up to now (people) we are holding a prominent place in the world and the management of information technology. But come one day, when theThe technology is for us to manage all aspects. It is possible that we will probably convert the slaves of technology.

So from this I am not trying to say that the technology to bring harm here, just because I have a technological man over 24 hours of navigation computer and talk on the phone itself. But as part of human society, we must take a look at both sides.

Chapter 9 Good websites and Bias information

Information bias  bias arising in a clinical study because of misclassification of the level of exposure to the agent or factor being assessed and/or misclassification of the disease or other outcome itself.

Characteristics of a Good Website

What makes a website successful? Keep the following points in mind when creating your website to get the most out of it:

• Content

Quality content on your website can provide users with the information they are looking for. Content also allows you to establish yourself as an expert in your field. When your website visitors are looking to make a purchase they will feel more comfortable with your products and services if you have built their trust and confidence through what you have written on your website.

Keyword-filled content is also crucial for getting high search engine rankings. Most internet users trust search engines to help them find what they are looking for. Taking the time to create high quality content can have huge payoffs through increased search engine rankings.

• Simple and Attractive Design

The design of a good website should be simple, yet professional. The design should not take away or distract from the content. Websites with excessive use of Flash and moving images can be very distracting. Use design to help you get your message to visitors, not to distract them from the message. Colors should not be hard on the eyes, and text should be easy to read.

• Easy Navigation

Navigation and links provide opportunities to incorporate design elements in to the website; however, navigation schemes should not be so elaborate that the user has trouble knowing where to click to move to another page. The average visitor’s attention span is a matter of seconds, and if it is hard to find what he or she is looking for, you will loose that visitor very quickly. Links to your most important pages should be easily found on every page. A good rule of thumb is that every page should be accessible in two clicks from your home page (this may not be possible with larger sites).

• Unique

The most successful websites will stand out from the crowd. There are a number of was that you can make your website stand out: better design, high quality articles, a blog, a newsletter, some type of resource or tool. Find something that would be appealing to your target market.

• Fresh

Having a website that changes or is updated frequently will encourage repeat visitors. Repeat visitors will be more loyal and more likely to buy. There are a few different options for keeping your site fresh:

1- Update the site and add content occasionally – This will require you to either pay a designer or do the work yourself.

2 – Use a blog – With a blog you can add content to your website from any computer with an internet connection. All you’ll have to do is login and type. No special software or skills are required.

3 – RSS feeds – With RSS feeds you can add news headlines, weather, stock tickers, etc. to your website. Additionally, you can add content from most blogs to your site with RSS. The benefit of RSS feeds is that once in place they will automatically update.

• Optimized

A successful website will be search engine-friendly. Optimization includes things like using page titles and meta tags for all of your pages. Using headers and alt tags for images can also help optimization and accessibility. Even a website that is strong in other areas but weak in optimization may be hard for users to find.

source :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_bias
source :http://vandelaydesign.com/blog/design/characteristics-of-a-good-website/

Chapter 8 How do search engines work?

      Yahoo


                                                           

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080828165244AAeLn3L

search engines work by you typing in what your searching for and the engine will search the whole web looking for the words you typed that matches the sites and these sites will pop up. the more you type, the more specific it gets and accuracy




Google


                                                               


 http://www.google.com/technology/pigeonrank.html
As a Google user, you're familiar with the speed and accuracy of a Google search. How exactly does Google manage to find the right results for every query as quickly as it does? The heart of Google's search technology is PigeonRank™, a system for ranking web pages developed by Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin at Stanford University  Building upon the breakthrough work of B. F. Skinner, Page and Brin reasoned that low cost pigeon clusters (PCs) could be used to compute the relative value of web pages faster than human editors or machine-based algorithms. And while Google has dozens of engineers working to improve every aspect of our service on a daily basis, PigeonRank continues to provide the basis for all of our web search tools.






Ask
        


                                                                    
http://www.ask.com/web?q=How+Do+Search+Engines+Work&o=102140&qsrc=2902&l=dir 


Search engines are one of the most vital tools you can use when surfing the world wide web. They act as a portal to the vast quantities of information available online. When search engines were in thei






Wikipedia






                                                    



          http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine

   A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers. The search results are generally presented in a list of results often referred to as SERPS, or "search engine results pages". The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture






  Bing





                                            
                                                       http://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/webmaster/archive/2009/09/03/search-engine-optimization-for-bing.aspx   


                     
       When I attended both SMX Advanced in Seattle back in June and SES San Jose just a couple of weeks ago, I heard a lot of questions from webmasters about Bing, especially pertaining to search engine optimization issues. Typically these included:

• I want to do SEO for Bing—where should I start?
• How is Bing different in terms of SEO?
• What do webmasters need to know and do?
• Are there any insider tips for successful ranking?

I’ll tackle these questions by providing some useful, baseline information and include pointers to more detailed, pertinent docs.
As you know, Bing is an evolution in the search engine space. With its innovative, new user interface (UI) design bringing new depth and opportunities for searchers, they can now quickly find the information they seek when they search the Internet. New UI features, such as Quick Tabs, Related Searches, and Document Preview (to name just a few), surface more information and present more opportunities to discover what searchers want to know so they can make more informed decisions more quickly. As a result, we describe Bing as a decision engine.

Chapter 7

Suggest the ideas to help and support the flooding crisis in Thailand.

   I hold a donation drive either to raise money for the flood victims or collect goods that they need. Listen to the TV, radio , and check out online news for updates as to what is needed to help out.And contribute to a project that helps to keep people informed about what's going on concerning the flood crisis.

Chapter 6 Report writing and Citation

Example a writing report

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/library/skills/Advice/Example%20report.pdf

Example of an article citation 

Tucker JB. Double-edged DNA preventing the misuse of gene synthesis. Issues Sci Tech [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 May 17]; 26(3): 23-32.

source : http://www.nwmissouri.edu/library/CITING/cbe.htm

Chapter 5

Origin (2007)

Chapter 3 : The difference between library of congress classification system

 

The difference between library of congress

- Tsering Wangyal ShawaThe main aim of any classification scheme is to organize the information in a group, so that the organized materials can be found easily by the user. The classifications of books and cartographic materials are different. Books are classified on the basis of subject, whereas the cartographic materials are classified on the basis of area. "It is estimated that ninety-five per cent of map reference requests require searching by area-subject entries. A survey of 360 map libraries in the United States made by a committee of the special Libraries Association, Geography and Map Division, of the United States of America in 1953 revealed that in seventy-two per cent of the libraries, maps were most often requested by area alone, or qualified by date or subject. They were seldom requested by author or by title." Wallis, (1960). The cartographic materials include atlas, globe, maps, views, cross-sections, plans, remote sensing imagery, etc.

Different classification systems such as BOGGS, Dewey Decimal Classification, Universal Decimal Classification, Ministry of Defence (UK), and the American Geographical Society systems have been developed for cartographic materials over the years, however, the Library of Congress classification scheme for cartographic materials is the best classification system. This Classification is based on an alphanumeric system, and it is contained in the Schedule G of the Library of Congress classification system. The Schedule G of the Library of Congress cartographic section is broadly divided into atlases, globes, and maps. Each of these are given blocks of numbers such as G1000.3 - 3122 for atlases, G3160-3182 for globes, and G 3190-9999 for maps. Some blocks of numbers were not assigned and left for future use. This paper will focus on the Library of Congress map classification system, that is, how the maps are classified between the block number G 3190-9999.

The Library of Congress devised the cartographic materials classification system in 1900 and its first edition of the cartographic classification was published in 1910. Since then, four major editions have been published. The cartographic classification is based on an area and hence, it is divided into a hierarchical system. The first category is the universe or the solar system. That is followed by the world map, then by continents, which are further subdivided either by regions and natural features, or by political divisions such as countries. The following is a summary of the Library of Congress classification system for maps.

Universe, solar system           3190-3192
World                            3200-3202
North America                    3290-3292
Canada                           3400-3654
United States                    3700-3702
By states                        3710-4374
South America                    4400-4402
By country                       4410-5663
Europe                           5700-5702
By country                       5720-6985
Asia                             7400-7402
By country and area              7405-8192
Africa                           8200-8202
By country and area              8210-8904
Australasia                      8960-8959
By country                       8960-9080
Atlantic Ocean                   9100-9172
Indian Ocean                     9175-9227
Pacific Ocean                    9230-9774
Arctic Ocean                     9780-9797
Antarctica                       9800-9802
Unlocalized maps                 9900-9999

  

The maps of the universe, the world, and the continents are further classified as general maps, thematic maps, and regional or natural features maps. These are assigned different numbers at the end of their classification numbers such as '0' for general maps, '1' for thematic and '2' for regional or natural features.

The thematic maps are further classified on the basis of topics. They are broadly divided into seventeen classes, with a different letter for each group. These groups are further subdivided on the basis of more detailed topics. For example, a Physical Map of North America will be classified as G; 3291 .C2, whereas a Geological Map of North America will be classified as G;3291 .C5. Both of the maps are part of one theme, that is, physical science, however, they are also subdivided by more detailed topics. The thematic classification scheme can be used in conjunction with other subclassifications. Examples of these groups will be discussed later in this paper. Below is a listing of major classifications of thematic maps:

A Special categories

B Mathematical geography

C Physical sciences

D Biogeography

E Human and cultural geography. Anthropogeography. Human ecology.

F Political geography

G Economic geography

H Mines and mineral resources

J Agriculture

K Forests and forestry

L Aquatic biological resources

M Manufacturing and processing. Service industries.

N Technology. Engineering. Public works.

P Transportation and communication

Q Commerce  and trade. Finance

R Military and naval geography

S Historical geography

Unlike the maps of the universe, the world, and the continents that are classified into three subgroups, the maps created by political divisions or map of the countries are classified into five subgroups on the basis of their subjects. These subgroups are assigned different numbers at the end of their classified numbers such as:

0 or 5 General maps

1 or 6 Thematic maps

2 or 7 Regions, natural features etc.

3 or 8  Major political division (states, provinces, counties, districts maps)

4 or 9  Cities or towns maps.  

Let us examine how the maps are classified into the above groups. General maps are those maps which are meant for general purposes and cover very general topics. They are given number '0' or '5' after third digit of the classified block number. The maps which depict one particular topic such as military maps, highway maps, or tourist maps are classified as thematic maps. They are classified under number '1' or '6'. The maps featuring river valleys, mountain ranges, deserts, and maps covering three or more political divisions are classified under number '2' or '7'. The major political divisions, such as counties and districts, are classified under number '3' or '8'. The smallest subdivisions of political units, like cities and towns, are grouped under number '4' or '9'.

Classification of maps is not simple; there are many maps which not only cover one political unit, but also cross over other political areas. An example is the map of the Allegheny River. The river is located both in Pennsylvania and in New York State, however, most of the river is located in Pennsylvania and hence, the map will be classified under Pennsylvania. Sometimes a map covers equal parts of two political units, such as a map of the Delaware Bay. This Bay is located equally in Delaware and New Jersey. In a case like this, the map should be classified under whichever area comes first alphabetically and therefore, a map of the Delaware Bay is classified under Delaware state. When a natural feature or other subject in the map covers three or more administrative divisions, it is classified slightly differently. An example is the map showing the Appalachian Mountains. This type of map is classified under larger geographical region, hence the Appalachian Mountains is grouped under Eastern United States(Larsgaard 1987, 87).

The information on a map is not necessarily as simple as the above examples. There are maps which will show more than one type of information, such as the Rainfall Map of Wenatchee National Forest. This type of map is classified first under the state, because the National Forest is located in Washington state (G; 4280), then under the region, because Wenatchee National Forest is one distinct region in Washington state. In this case the classification number will change from G; 4280 to G; 4282 then add its cutter number that is, .W4 so that this map will be classified G; 4282 .W4, under Wenatchee National Forest. The same map is then further classified under topic, in this case rainfall, and hence it is grouped under the rainfall category (in the thematic classification, 'C' stands for Physical sciences and 'C883' represents rainfall). This map will be classified as G; 4282 .W4C883. The rules of the Library of Congress classification state that "a subject cutter may be added after another cutter for political or geographic subdivision (making a total of 3 cutters for the map) but a geographic cutter never follows a subject cutter.

The county, city, and town maps representing various topics will be classified in a similar manner. However, smaller political divisions within major political divisions such as cities or towns are classified slightly differently by the use of the colon followed by the number such as the number '2' for geographic subdivision and the number '3' for a political subdivision. For example, the map showing the location of JFK International Airport will be classified as G; 3804 .N4:2J6. The number G; 3804 is designated for the city or town in the state of New York and '.N4' is the cutter for New York City. Since JFK airport is an important geographical subdivision within New York City ':2' is used after 'N4' in order to differentiate a JFK airport map from other New York City maps. 'J6' is the cutter for JFK International Airport. The Map of Queens (a part of New York City ) could be classified as G; 3804 .N4:3Q4. The ':3' is used after the 'N4' because Queens is one of the political subdivisions of New York City and 'Q4' is the cutter for Queens. A transportation map of Queens could be classified as G; 3804 .N4:3Q4 P1. since the 'P1' stands for transportation under the thematic subclassification (LC Subject Cataloging Division. 1976, 207).

The date of a situation or the date of publication of the map and the cutter for the statement of responsibility are all used in conjunction with the above classification system in order to further classify the maps. Often the date of information or situation is not stated on the map; in such cases the date of publication is used.

While classifying maps, the main class number is always for the main geographic area shown on the map. It can be further subdivided by using cutter numbers first for geographic subareas, and then for the topic content. After the topic content of the map is the date of the situation, and then the cutter for the main entry (the statement of responsibility). For example, "The Geology Map of New York City" published by the United States Geological Survey in 1990 will be classified as G; 3804 .N4C5 1990 U5. In Physical Sciences 'C' section of the thematic classification, the 'C5' stands for geology, '1990' is the year of publication and 'U5' is the cutter for USGS.

Sometime a map is a facsimile or formally published reprint. In a situation like this there will be a second date after the main entry cutter - the date of publication of the reprint. One example is the Map of Ithaca, NY drawn by L. R. Burleigh, first published in 1865 and reproduced in 1970 by Historic Urban Plan, Ithaca. This map will be classified as G;3804 .I7 1865 B8 1970. The 'G; 3804' is the classification number for the city or town in New York state, 'I7' is the cutter number for Ithaca, '1865' is the date of the situation, 'B8' is the cutter for the author and '1970' is the date of reproduction.

The classification of series maps is slightly different from the above system. In the series classification, the date in the call number is replaced by the denominator of the R.F. (Representational Fraction ) scale minus the last three digits, and by a lowercase letter 's'. For example, the series map of New York State with R.F. scale of 1:25,000 and published by the USGS will be classified as G; 3800 s25 U5. Similarly, "The Ethnolinguistics Map of New York State" with R.F. scale of 1:500,000 and published by the Cram Company will be classified as G; 3801 E3 s500 C7. The main difference between the series classification and the rest of the map classification systems is the replacement of the date of situation or the date of publication with the scale.

The Library of Congress Schedule G Classification for maps is not free from weakness. It does not have a good classification scheme for those countries for which the Library of Congress has few maps. It is also weak for countries considered politically insignificant and regions which are not properly mapped. Another weakness is that since the Schedule G classification system is based on area and political boundaries, this results in problems when countries break up into separate political entities. For example, Moscow used to be classified as a city in the Soviet Union (G; 7004 .M6). Now it is no longer classified under the Soviet Union, but under Russia (G; 7064 .M7). This change in classification is due to a change in political boundaries. Another problem concerns the classification of regions. The United States Board on Geographic Names has established geographic names, and the Library of Congress uses this Board as its authority on geographic names. If the Board fails to established regional geographic names in time (it happens quite often), then the Library of Congress is forced to classify the region using an unestablished geographic name. This later complicates the classification system. However, the Library of Congress map classification scheme is the most widely used system in United States academic libraries, and in libraries around the world. This classification scheme is not only the de facto classification system for maps but it is also the best system in the world for the classification of cartographic materials.

References

1. Larsgaard, Mary Lynette. Map Librarianship: An Introduction. Second Edition. Littleton, Colorado, Libraries Unlimited, Inc. 1987
2. Library of Congress, Subject Cataloguing Division. Classification: Class G; Geography, maps, anthropology, recreation 4th ed. Washington, Library of Congress. 1976
3. Nichols, Harold. Map Librarianship. Second Edition. London, Clive Bingley Ltd. 1982
4. Parry, R.B. & Perkins, C.R. Information Sources in Cartography. London, Bowker-Suar Ltd. 1990
5. Wallis, H. "The role of a national map library". Cartographic Journal, V.3, P.11-13, 1966.

Source: http://www.princeton.edu/~shawatw/classifi.html